About “Oh what a lovely war” the play by joan littlewood Essay

This classic play devised by Joan Littlewood and the Theatre Workshop takes a humorous and light-hearted walk through the history of World War One. The production brims with anecdotes, jokes, songs and dance, but we are never allowed to forget that the Great War was no joke, and are presented with a thought-provoking insight into the futility of war. It was written in the time of the swinging 60s, a time of rebellion from the youth against the conformities of their seniors. Especially when it came to the futility of war; the Vietnam War was on topic opinion. Unbeknown to popular belief this is not the reason Littlewood wrote her play. The production came to life through the combined efforts of director and actors in Joan Littlewood’s Theatre Workshop in 1963. They had been provoked by a BBC program with songs from WW I: ‘Terrible!’ – ‘Sentimental.’ – ‘All that feeling and no imagination.’ – ‘Pure nostalgia.’ – ‘They couldn’t sing like that stuck in a trench!’ – ‘Waiting for the next bomb to blow their heads off.’ These were the words of Littlewood and her actors. World War 1 was responsible for the deaths of 10 million people, the equivalent of a twin tower disaster every day for 4 years. From the play you receive a sense of near blind patriotism and hope which is exemplified through the songs such as good byee-ee. These moments contrasts from the heightened physicality like the drill sergeant. The drill sergeant character dimensions were he was a tall man, of the upper classes. His character dimensions differed from the soldiers he was trying to instruct. They were poor, low class and incompetent. Oh what a lovely war provides all the Elements of Drama. Six major elements of drama according to Aristotle: plot, character, theme, dialogue, music, spectacle. MC part, he tells a joke ‘have you heard the one about The great Von and his 3 daughters†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The MC controls all the action in the play. This is very similar to the Threepenny opera written by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill’s. Both plays show their meaning through song s, like I don’t want to be a soldier and The Ballard of sexual imperative. A contrasting play would the naturalistic play of the children. Other than character dimensions I have learnt; Emotional Perception. The detection and apprehension of emotional states, feelings and reactions both in oneself and others. Emotional Recall and Expression. Emotional perceptions elicited from past experiences which can be used in understanding, portraying, and reflecting on the human condition and human behaviour. Guided Dramatic Play. Imaginative play stimulated by a trained leader. Nonverbal Communication. Communication without words using facial expression, gestures, and body language. Playing Space and Audience Space. An area for dramatic activities. A cleared space in a classroom without a designated place for observation by an audience. Theatrical production clearly establishes an acting area, or stage, and a designated audience area: proscenium (one side), thrust (three sides), area (four sides).

Paradise Road- Creative Essay

I didn’t have to, but I did. It was an order, what other choice did I have? I was merely a low level officer; the power was in Hiroto’s hands. She broke the camp rules, outside dealings, but did she? It was medicine to save innocent women, innocent women who have been caught up in a war for power, which has resulted in the women becoming the powerless, and me the powerful. Each day I have to dig deep, keep on digging I tell myself, for reasons to be here; pride, family honour, dignity for my people, remember what father said; Japanese are the ones who made the Europeans rich, yet for hundreds of years the Europeans looked down upon us, now it’s Japan’s turn, still, my moral conscience has clouded my mind to the atrocities that I have seen, a short time ago I was a teacher of a class with half Japanese and half European, and they couldn’t see any differences, they looked to the inside, why can’t these officers look to the inside, morality in c hildren is a quality that is needed now, yet I see the children in the camp being bashed by that brute Tomiashi, I want to help, but Japan is now powerful, Japan must prevail. I passed the fuel to Tanaka, my hand trembling, I wanted to latch onto the bottle, throw it away, throw all this away, is this how far we have come, is the power really worth this? Ablaze, my eyes cloud while I have to control myself not to react, I must be strong in front of these European women, the powerful are not weak, they have oppressed me, although I cannot see it, them crying is the first instance of any reminisce of human emotion since I left my teaching job in the village, I didn’t want to leave the students, but the European students had fled with their families and we had instilled in our minds that the powerful nation would prevail, but is power worth this? I feel the confusion and anguish drop over me like a sheet of cold rain that chills you to your spine, this is wrong, this is wrong, but it’s for the great nation, we will be powerful, my stomach feels queasy. Days pass, although I feel no time as my soul feels extinguished, another lady†¦she merel y spoke, she merely spoke I whisper to myself, this is becoming too much, but I tie her to the posts, and insert the sharp bamboo into the ground, she has disrespected the Emperor she must honour the flag, stuff the emperor I say to myself, as I watch this innocent women struggle in the Sumatran sun as she fights to stay upright and avoid being impaled. Let me run over, let me free her, please! I tell my heart, I plead with my heart, but my brain prevents me, it’s for the nation, we will be powerful, but somehow that ideology is not what drives me to watch on, I am emotionless while watching this torture being committed, stuff the emperor, I clench my fists. The choir lady runs over with water, God bless her, humanity! It was not to be, Tomiashi yells and I have to intervene, emotion takes over me, â€Å"I’m sorry† I tell her â€Å"I’m sorry†, now I know that my heart and my mind are as one, no amount of power is worth this, this innocent women should not be here, she should be at home with her loving family, as should I, she’s so beautiful, I miss her, my wife†¦ it is only good luck that it is not her who is baking in the sun, my mind is made, stuff the emperor. Japan loses, Captain Tanaka and the other leading officers talk about the dishonour, the poverty that Japan will now endure, I look out the window of the officers’ quarters, and see the women smiling and cheering while Colonel Hirota tells them the news, they are now the powerful, and I am the powerless, I smile. By Fergus Neal Statement of Intention Upon taking a wider viewing of the film and seeing the obvious conflicts at play, I forced myself to look deeper and see the not so obvious conflicts that are omnipresent in the bystander characters. I chose to write a creative piece from the perspective of one of the guards who only features shortly in the film, has no name, but can be noted for saying a small but intriguing â€Å"sorry† to Daisy when she attempts to give Susan water, as if the emotion is starting to come to effect within him, and in citing this I chose to write a creative piece on his perspective and the inner conflict as well as conflict with the whole situation that he has faced that has culminated in him showing humility and apologizing to Daisy for not being able to allow water to be given to the tortured Susan. I chose to write in a formal way, but with a creative sense of writing present throughout which allowed me to delve deeper and actually place myself in this man’s shoes. My piece is for the audience of my teacher and fellow class mates as they should be able to comprehend the ideas that I am trying to convey through having seen, and understood the key aspects of the film. The purpose of this creative piece is to demonstrate how conflict occurs between the powerful and powerless,  but also how those in power may experience their own internal conflict in looking deeper into power and how it can cause a sense of inner conflict in relation to that person’s values.

Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario Essay

Financial principles, financial markets, and business ethics construct a major infrastructure for financial decisions that all managers or supervisors must make on a constant basis. The purpose of this paper is to explain the financial concepts found in this week’s readings and how these concepts relate to the Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario. According to the text reading, â€Å"the principles of finance, described in this section and the two that follow, are based on logical deduction and on empirical observation† (Chapter 2, p. 20). Until the late 1990s, Guillermo’s Furniture Store retained its competitive advantage in the furniture market. The arrival of a new overseas competitor entering the furniture market, decreased furniture prices, and increased labor costs posed as a new challenge for the organization (University of Phoenix, 2009). For several years, Guillermo’s Furniture Store dominated the furniture manufacturing market with the ideal supply of timber to create a variation of types of furniture. As a result, the owner did not know how to forecast the new challenges that faced the company. As the new competition starts to enter the furniture market, these competitors have developed an advanced technology that produces a more customized product to meet consumer demand. With labor costs rising, Guillermo did not realize these changes and how this would affect his current business. Guillermo’s Furniture Store will need to consider the principle of self-interested behavior to help minimize the risks associated with the changes in the furniture business to meet customer expectations. The concept of the principle of self-interested behavior basically implies that with a level playing field in the furniture business meaning all aspects of the business equals one another, then Guillermo will need to act or perform in the best financial interest of his own company. One option for Guillermo’s Furniture Store would be to purchase a high-tech laser lather operating equipment for manufacturing the product. This would be an example of the principle of self-interested behavior as it is an important corollary of this principle (Emery, Finnerty, & Stowe, 2007). This action will create a more desirable competing action for the benefit of his organization. Guillermo could also consider becoming a furniture manufacturer for a Norway company by facilitating all distributing pathways and this behavior is an example of the principle of valuable ideas. Emery, Finnerty & Stowe state, â€Å"new products or services can create value, so if you have a new idea, you might then transform it into extraordinary positive value for yourself† (Chapter 2, p. 24). This type of behavior is clear if the owner decides to patent the current process for coating the furniture as it creates new ideas. Guillermo will need to consider ways to create value by developing exceptional customer service with the creation of better products and services at the lowest possible price without sacrificing the quality of the product or service. The competition is fierce overseas as a direct result of inexpensive parts and labor. The furniture store will have to create the lowest and best quality product to meet consumer demands. Guillermo will need to meet the competition with its market presence by focusing on remaining competitive with the patent process. In order to make a strategic decision on which process will be best for the furniture store, Guillermo will need to take a closer look at the financial statements to make the financial decision. Strategic analysis of financial transaction is one of the most vital facets of an organization with regard to important business decisions. This type of analysis assists any business owner or manager in deciding which type of alternative or plan would be most beneficial to the company. These decisions should also consider the impact on the market and the competition as well as the organization. Guillermo will need to discover the financial impact of either choice mentioned above to make the best decision. Reference Emery, D. R., Finnerty, J. D., Stowe, J. D. (2007). Corporate Financial Management (3rd ed). Chapter 2: The Financial Environment: Concepts and Principles. Prentice Hall, Inc: A Pearson Education Company. University of Phoenix. Guillermo’s Furniture Store Data. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Corporate Finance-FIN571 website. University of Phoenix (2012). Guillermo’s Furniture Store Scenario. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Corporate Finance-FIN571 website

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Business law - Essay Example The faculty chair of the department of economics at the University of Iceland, Gylfi Zoega, justifies the practice by recapping that it was a universal problem. â€Å"In New York, you have the same problem, right?† The actors use the utilitarian philosophy to vindicate their actions. The utilitarian philosophy holds that actions are rational if they result to a ‘summum bonum’, the greatest good and a happy end to a greater number. It contravenes the hedonistic approach where an individual acts for their own good and happiness. The revolving door, from a utilitarian perspective could be beneficial to both the private and government sector. For instance, former industry executives bring their rich knowledge and vast proficiency to the private segment and secure the private segment support needed in formulation and implementation of government policies. The former executives further would have sufficient influence over important individuals in government positions thus making it easy for firms to lobby for auspicious state policies and protocols. Moreover, former executives acquired jobs, power and influence and Charles Ferguson presents this as a beneficial approach to the financial crisis that was threatening to engulf America. The predominant notion is that allowing executives to switch positions was at the best interest the public; in reality, this was far from the veracity. However, the utilitarian approach to the revolving door issue was quite imprudent since utilitarianism justifies overlooking or minimization of widely embraced principles and justice in the formulation of ethical decisions. Instead, the actors should have framed their actions to be in line with the deontological philosophy and rights-based philosophy which could have led to the production of a fairly acceptable and justified movie. The deontological philosophy

Business Plane Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Plane - Term Paper Example Consumers will be attracted through internet marketing because this medium is extremely popular among younger population. The overall business and general environment of the country is also very good. The country is hosting the FIFA world cup of 2022 and therefore government is expected to invest in infrastructure of the country. All this is going to help the business in future. The organizational plan of the company will be flat because of the nature of the business. Only a handful of people will be required to run the business because all the major operations like manufacturing and marketing will be outsourced. The business will aim to achieve $60,000 of monthly sales after six months of start of business. This business plan is about a clothing retail outlet in Qatar which will sell trendy garments and merchandise for the younger population of the country. The name of the clothing retail store will be ‘Y’. The name is chosen because it sounds stylish and is perfect for the younger generation. The store will mainly target young customers because they are usually interested in fashionable garments and merchandise. The store will be located in the central shopping mall of Doha which is also the capital of the country. The clothing retail industry is chosen because of its great potential for growth. The fashion industry of Qatar is growing rapidly and this offers a lot of opportunity for clothing retailers (Qatar Tribune, 2012). The living standard of the country is high and therefore people tend to spend on fashionable garments and merchandise. This is the main reason of choosing Qatar for the clothing retail business. The nature of the proposed business will be very similar to conventional clothing retailers. Manufacturing of all the inventory will be outsourced so that the focus of the business remains on its core activity that is selling of the clothing. The profit of the business will come from the price difference between the selling price and

BBDO agency project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BBDO agency project - Research Paper Example The purpose of the following document is to provide details of the creative marketing campaign and proposed campaign ideas and marketing communications strategies for the BBDO Agency’s campaign to launch the 2012 McLaren MP4-12C in the United Arab Emirates market. This is an affluent market motivated by luxury, status and the performance engine, all trademarks of the McLaren brand. This report also identifies and describes the consumer segments that the campaign intends to target, including the target market’s demographics, psychographics, and VALS. In addition, this report includes a SWOT analysis, a detailed description of the marketing mix and a discussion of the future outcomes of the outcomes. Executive Summary The purpose of the following report is to present the campaign ideas in regards to the McLaren MP4-12C product offering in the United Arab Emirates, specifically Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The main purpose of the report is to describe the target McLaren MP4-12C th at exists in this market, and to highlight the attitudes and purchasing intention among these consumers that the McLaren MP4-12C brand can capitalize upon in 2012. Established in 1989, the McLaren Automotive brand operates as an exclusive luxury performance vehicle brand primarily in the United States and Europe; however, global opportunities exist for this product offering, and the survey results indicate a very high level of satisfaction with the quality of the brand. McLaren Automotive recently expanded its operations into the Asia Pacific region, and the McLaren MP4-12C now sells through a number of selected vendors in Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates, specifically Abu Dhabi and Dubai. ... its operations into the Asia Pacific region, and the McLaren MP4-12C now sells through a number of selected vendors in Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates, specifically Abu Dhabi and Dubai. 1.1 Objectives The objectives of this research report were to ascertain the perceived value and level of satisfaction with the McLaren MP4-12C product offering among consumers. The research report author utilized the Qualtrics Survey Software tool to compile and tabulate responses from 29 consumers. The results are displayed in table form in section 4 of this report. In addition, the objective of this report is to demonstrate the high brand equity that the McLaren brand already enjoys in the United Arab Emirates, and to leverage this consumer appreciation completely and strategically. 1.2 Results The initial results of the survey indicate a very high level of satisfaction with the product offering. 77 percent of the respondents indicated that they were v ery satisfied with the McLaren MP4-12C product offering. In addition, the McLaren MP4-12C enjoys high brand recognition and significant brand equity among the consumers surveyed. 1.3 Key Findings The report indicates that the product has a strong appeal among the consumers surveyed. It also indicates that the perceived exclusivity of the McLaren brand remains the key competitive advantage for the McLaren MP4-12C product offering. In addition, the results indicate that the McLaren MP4-12C could position the product offering as a luxury item in key luxury market segments in the United Arab Emirates. 1.4 Conclusions and Recommendations The research report author concludes that the product is a very strong offering and that consumer appeal in the United Arab Emirates is high. The research

Analysis of the song LONELY by NANA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of the song LONELY by NANA - Essay Example However, notwithstanding the fact that there is a greater correlation between science and the precursors of loneliness, much can be said about loneliness being relative to how one person views of life according to certain situations normally occurring to a particular stage in life. This is common in the show business industry, where we hear stories about people feeling lonely and being hooked to drugs as a means to overcome or forget about their personal issues. They become dependent to the means that makes them forget about the reasons why they become lonely. Whether this is by means of constructive measures which in effect keep them from thinking about how lonely they are through busy schedules and several projects or through destructive means, like drug addiction, in a way does not actually address the main issue but rather avoid it. This paper will illustrate the means of how artist sometimes resort to incongruent means to address their dilemmas. The artifact that is chosen for a pentadic criticism is entitled lonely, a song written by Nana. In this song, it describes the drama of human emotions which according to Kenneth Burke, the critical technique called dramatism is founded by motives of human action whether in fiction or real life experience (Burke. 1969). He furthered that we may be able to find out the motives of the actors by for the "particular type of motivation in action and discourse" (Ibid). Thus under this artifact, the act is the loneliness which defines the vulnerability to drug addiction in the music industry, the scene is the life and career of an artist that is so vulnerable to such dilemma, the agency is the resort of drug addiction and dependence in order for the person to avoid loneliness which in turn causes the agent to give in to the vulnerability making him do deterrent things that he will regret in the end, the agent is the actors/singer in the show business industry who becomes the victim of vuln erability, and the finally the purpose is to depict the negative consequence of allowing vulnerability to rule above logic, it is also a cry for help, understanding and desperation that is conveyed through the art of music. It is also a warning for others to avoid. There have been many others in the music business who dies because of drug overdose, to name a few is quiet unfair, what is important to point is the fact that these many others have been at one point in their life become vulnerable to loneliness and have found the incongruent notion of the ease and comfort that drugs can give. Little did they realize that the more they resort to such as an aid, the more it will become difficult for them to detach from their addiction. Drugs can be another precursor of loneliness, even if the agent does not employ the use of such for personal consumption, like for instance in the case of peddling, pushing or trafficking drugs that when the authorities bust them for such an illegal act would cost them their freedom which will take away at least 5 years of their life in exchange for imprisonment. During which time the offender will serve the five years inside the cold and dark jail facility, away from their loved one and

Writing about the cost of Surveillance intervention for TB in india (( Coursework

Writing about the cost of Surveillance intervention for TB in india (( see the instructions to fully understand the paper)) - Coursework Example The cost of ear loop facemasks costs $5-10 for a pack of 50; hence, each person will be allocated two packs and the totalling $20 per person. The cost of facemask with a satellite system and cough samplers is unknown (Voice of America, 2014). Reliable monthly-unlimited corporate Internet, phone services in India cost averages $50 per month (Li & Ninan-Moses, 2010). In addition, writing materials will cost $3 each and over 500 units will be required. Furuno, J. P., Schweizer, M. L., McGregor, J. C., & Perencevich, E. N. (2009). Economics of infection control surveillance technology: Cost-effective or just cost? Am J Infect Control, 36 (3), S12–S17. Hausler, H. P., Sinanovic, E., Kumaranayake, L., Naidoo, P., & Schoeman, H. (2006). Costs of measures to control tuberculosis/HIV in public primary care facilities in Cape Town, South Africa. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84, 528-536. Li, C., & Ninan-Moses, B. (2010). An International Comparison of Cell Phone Plans and Prices. Retrieved from

Literary analysis of antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary analysis of antigone - Essay Example Another theme depicted is the two types of law and justice which are the divine laws and the laws of men. The determination of the characters was also portrayed in Antigone, Creon and Ismene. A social drama was also presented regarding the issues of gender and the law. The issue of mortality is another theme in this trilogy, as shown in the suicides of Antigone, Haemon and Eurydice. Antigone is the daughter of Oedipus and niece of Creon and the fiance of Haemon. She is the protagonist and tragic heroine in this play. Her character exemplifies one of fierce devotion to her family and loyalty to the gods. She buries her brother, Polyneices thereby disobeying Creon’s order. Her hamartia or tragic flaw in her character is her stubborn loyalty to her family and the gods that brings her to her tragic death. Antigone’s character is also a symbol of the feminine revolt. Despite Ismene’s explanation that they are just women and therefore should not go against men, Antigon e still insisted in burying Polyneices. Creon is the king of Thebes and the uncle of Antigone. Creon is the absolute tyrant and the antagonist in the play. He favors the rational laws of man as opposed to the laws of the gods. His hamartia or tragic error is his stubborn allegiance to the laws of man. His hubris or pride is also a flaw in his character.

Race and Native American Essay Example for Free

Race and Native American Essay Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. Some of the different primary dimensions of diversity include age, gender, mental and physical abilities, race, ethnic heritage, and sexual orientation. These are primary due to the fact that they are more fixed, visible, and relevant to an identity. For example, a male in his mid-thirties are all primary dimensions. There are also secondary dimensions such as geographic location, military/work experience, family status, income, religion, language, education, communication, and work style. For example, a male in his thirties who plays piano while drinking apple cider for a hobby would be secondary. As we learned in class the difference between these are easily remembered by thinking visible and invisible. At first glance one would be able to guess age and gender, however the secondary dimensions are wide and welcome judgments to a closed mind. ?With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? Describe what members of your social circle have in common. My ethnic background is Native American and Portuguese. On my mother’s side of the family I get the Native American. Our tribe is the Karok tribe. Its origins are Northern California. I am not registered; however I get bit and pieces from my mom sometimes. She tells me that I am an 8th Native American. This if I am not mistaken is enough to qualify for the federal benefits for health care and school funds. I have just not done the footwork to find out. This leads me into the second piece of the question. I am not a part of this social circle and I cannot answer what we all have in common other than the physical appearance. Generally, we all have dark hair and olive skin tone, and also having brown or hazel eyes. I notice from the members of my family that the woman age very well. Not so much the men. Inclusion is described as an addition. For example relative to thus class, an African American child being adopted by a Hispanic family and ten years later the African American child adapting to the rituals and cultural expectations if the Hispanic culture. This word can pertain to a wide variety of situations. Another example would be a defect in a precious stone such as a ruby or diamond. ?What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? Idictonary defines diversity as a noun meaning the condition of having or being composed of differing elements; variety. ?What is the importance of workplace diversity training? ?What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusion?

Is Representative Democracy Really Democratic?

Is Representative Democracy Really Democratic? Introduction â€Å"You have two cows. All your neighbours pick someone to decide who gets the milk.† ^This running joke on Representative Democracy that captures it in one line got me thinking about Representative Democracy and the Social Justice Issue associated with it. Structure of the Paper This paper talks about Representative Democracy as the bigger ambit and concentrates on Electoral Democracy as its basic premise leading to injustice and makes Policy Recommendations by suggesting a model that makes the Policy Framing Process more inclusive, more just and more collectively as well as individually fair. My argument building starts by showing how Representative Democracy (Feature: Electoral Democracy) chooses Collective Justice over Individual Justice by following the Majority Rule and is not really representative. I would further through statistics show that in a country like India; the Collective Justice doesn’t remain Collective as the Majority isn’t real, which basically implies that the premise of majority that Democracy starts with, is in itself not adhered to. Violation of Individual Justice At its most fundamental incarnation, Representative Democracy is synonymous with Majority Rule. It’s a system of governance in which people choose their leaders by casting votes, giving rise to the usage of the term ‘Electoral Democracy.’ Theoretical-Practical Paradox: Theoretically, Electoral Democracy as a feature of Representative Democracy implies people within the country decide who will govern them. However, in reality, the existence of limited choice and the illusion of complete choice makes electoral democracy restrictive and non-representative in the truest sense. The voters have to pick their representatives from a subset of people, who are usually the ones with enough financial or political backing. This makes electoral democracy unjust, for the individual, as individuals are not really free to choose, they are only free to choose from the given choices. The Right to Rejection[i] passed by the Supreme Court of India in September’13, even though gives voters a â€Å"none of the above choice† that is the right to record disapproval of candidates, makes no provision yet to count the â€Å"rejection† votes. Therefore, this move is in reality, only symbolic and will not impact the results of the elections. The Right to Rejection, as it stands, does little to help individuals from being governed by the ones they don’t want to be governed by. Tyranny of the Collective Furthermore, where Electoral Democracy loses its representative character and violates Individual Justice in favour of Collective justice is its basic premise, the rule of the majority. In India, it has been noted there has been a declining margin of victory. The average margin of victory in a parliamentary constituency between 1962 and 2009 has decreased with time. From a 15% margin of victory in 1962, the average margin of victory has come down substantially to 9.7% in 2009, the thinnest margin since Independence with the average winning margin in parliamentary elections being 70,000 votes only. This evidence supports the claim electoral democracy isn’t really representative. The tyranny of the majority means that the will of the majority prevails over the minority. But if that is so, what is to stop a dominant group from using democracy to further entrench the oppression of minority groups? Worse yet, how will the interests of oppressed minorities ever be taken seriously if they can always be overruled by the votes of the majority? Despite Electoral Democracy sounding well in theory, there could be cases where a hostile, organized majority takes on the minority and systematically sidelines them, thus undermining the whole essence of democracy for the latter. Gujarat riots (2002 Gujarat Violence), and the way they helped create factionalism, leading to the right-wing forces to capitalize on the organized majoritys sentiment in the 2002 state elections in India is a classic example of this kind of failure. Democracy means collective self-governance among equals. If a segment of society push for the segregation and subjugation of another segment of society, then it is fundamentally undemocratic for it means undermining the ideal of collective self-rule. Slim majority still qualifies as majority and there is no bare minimum a contestant needs to get in order to be elected, he only needs to beat his competitors. In the view of its majoritarian nature, the fact that when it comes down to measuring the mood of the people, one cannot really ignore 49% of the people who voted against the selected candidate, casts a shadow over electoral democracy being fair and just. According to EB White, â€Å"Democracy is the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half the time.† The Actuality of Majority In the name of Collective Justice, Electoral Democracy hangs Individual Justice at the altar. Though, I understand that it is impossible to consider every opinion in the country and a choice has to be made between Individual and Collective Justice and Collective seems like the more obvious choice, I am going to further debunk Electoral Democracy by asserting that the Collective Justice in this case does not really account for a majority. Even though Electoral Democracy finds its roots in majority so as to say, it is not real majority and in fact all governments in such systems are elected by a minority of voters. Voter turnout has varied historically in India between 50-60%.[ii] So a potential winning majority of 51% of 60% of voters who turn out would imply the views of only about 30% of the nation. Additionally, according to estimates, in each Lok Sabha constituency in the country, the number of unregistered voters could be as high as 2.1 lakh.[iii] The votes can be touted as representative, but the election in itself can’t be called the same because of votes to seats ratio not being one. A party which gets 90% of national votes does not necessarily get 90% of seats, as seats depend on constituencies and their demographics. According to statistics, if we take the Congress Party for example, for every 1% share of the vote Congress garnered in 1977, it was rewarded with .9 seats. But in 1980, that changed drastically: a 1 percentage point increase in vote share was suddenly worth nearly 1.7 seats. Even very small changes in the vote share can have dramatic impacts on the number of seats won. For instance, in 1999 and 2009 the Congress Party won an almost identical share of votes (28.3 versus 28.5%, respectively but the partys seat share rose from 140 seats to nearly206 seats. What triggers this effect is how broadly spread/concentrated a partys vote share is at the level of individual constituencies. So in practice, a party may be winning only because its voter base lies in lesser populated constituencies which incidentally may be more in number than the heavily populated ones. At best, representative democracy with its focus on electoral democracy can be just for a sub group of the population at a particular point of time and not for the entire population itself. In such cases, Electoral Democracy is neither individually just nor collectively. Policy Recommendations Until an alternative model to Democracy is formulated which considers all individual opinions in the country, the violation of individual justice can be minimised by increasing the number of choices in terms of candidates available to individuals and by instituting quorums with respect to Right to Rejection, according to which when a certain percentage of population rejects the existing candidates, the polls should be held again with new candidates. Arrows impossibility theorem states that a clear order of preferences cannot be determined while adhering to mandatory principles of fair voting procedures, implying that for numerous decisions, it is impossible to aggregate individual preferences in a meaningful way. Given the difficulty in counting for the choices of all individuals in a particular country while forming the Government, collective justice, despite its demerits, is a feasible alternative, entailing the Rule of the Majority. However, what every country should strive towards is Real Majority, by increasing the voter base in the country, alongside voter turn outs by creating awareness in its populace. Another way of minimising the Tyranny of the Majority is by building Collective Intelligence. The degree to which various perspectives are included increases the collective intelligence of the whole. Mary Parker Follett understood the potential of dialogue and group process to create a larger whole within which both the individual and the collective are interdependent and in synergy, rather than opposed to one another. She wrote: The great cosmic force in the womb of humanity is latent in the group as its creative energy; that it may appear the individual must do his duty every moment. We do not get the whole power of the group unless every individual is given full value. It is the creative spontaneity of each which makes life march on irresistibly to the purposes of the whole. Our social and political organization must be such that this group life is possible. (1918) The notion that people living under a democratic government are ultimately responsible for that governments policies i.e. collective moral responsibility can be reinstated so that individuals as a part of a collective take rational decisions. What can make Representative Democracy more representative is a Right to recall an elected representative if the electorate is dissatisfied with his or her performance, instead of waiting for five years for the next election. Also, injustice that pertains to being governed by unwanted candidates can be minimised by including the voices of people in the Policy Making Process. What this would encompass is that irrespective of whether the candidate governing me is chosen by me or not, I still get to have a say in the policies I want for myself. This would take care of both cases, wherein my elected representative’s take on a certain policy is different from mine as well as when the representative isn’t the one I voted for. Thus, Electoral Democracy which proves to be a failing of Representative Democracy doesn’t become a major deterrent to actual representation in a model like Direct Democracy that deals with involvement of all individuals in Policy Planning and limits the power of the representatives. In Direct Democracy, citizens co-create government on a regular basis and not just at the time of the election. However, one must keep in mind the volatility of this form of democracy and if executed, it must be done through very small steps by letting people debate and make decisions on how to spend the government money that is allotted to their locality in the very beginning. Slowly, when this system stabilizes, more power could be given to people to debate and make decisions on issues in their town, district and so on. In cases where Direct Democracy as a model itself seems infeasible because of sheer numbers, higher citizen engagement should be encouraged and valued in examining broadly defined questions of regional or national importance through mechanisms such as Consensus Conferences (from Denmark), Planning Cells (from Germany) and Scenario Workshops. A combination of internet data and technology, big data and real time analysis can be fruitful in this regard. Portals such as Twitter[iv], Facebook, YouTube, etc. can be used to infer the general sentiment of people. Indices such as the Asian Barometer[v], Happy Barometer[vi] and projects like SPIDER[vii], HeyCrowd[viii], GovTogether[ix], VoteIQ[x], Democracy Audits, Actly[xi] should also be embraced at a large scale. Conclusion In the words of Sir Winston Churchill, â€Å"Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. So till the time, a model comes which does away with Individual injustice, while maintaining Collective Justice, Democracy is our best bet and we should look at minimising the injustices perpetrated by it by experimenting with alternative models within Democracy and effective citizen engagement. Endnotes: [i] NDTV, Supreme Court gives voters right to reject all candidates in a poll, http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/supreme-court-gives-voters-right-to-reject-all-candidates-in-a-poll-424424, (September 27, 2013), Accessed on 27th February’14, 10 PM [ii] International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Voter turnout data for India, http://www.idea.int/vt/countryview.cfm?id=105 Accessed on 27th February’14, 10 PM [iii] â€Å"His (Modi’s) assessment is that half of the 18 to 24 year-olds across the country are not registered or familiar with ways to enroll themselves even though the Election Commission has advertised the process. An estimate done by his key aides show the number of such unregistered voters could be as high as 1.5 lakh in each Lok Sabha constituency. Even the older unregistered could be as high as 60,000 voters.† Hindustan Times, Modi eyes young voters to clinch victory in 2014 polls, http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Modi-eyes-young-voters-to-clinch-victory-in-2014-polls/Article1-1125680.aspx, (September 22, 2013) Accessed on 27th February’14, 10 PM [iv] Co.Design, Infographic of the Day: Twitter Tracks the Entire Countrys Mood, http://www.fastcodesign.com/1661966/infographic-of-the-day-twitter-tracks-the-entire-countrys-mood Accessed on 27th February’14, 10 PM [v] Asian Barometer is an applied research program on public opinion on political values, democracy and governance across the region and represents a careful and systematic comparative survey of attitudes and values toward politics, power, reform and democracy. [vi] Vilnius mayor Arturas Zuokas insists that the Happiness Barometer is a â€Å"great tool for politicians,† pointing out that: â€Å"If we take a decision and see a sharp fall in the mood of the city, then we know we have done something horribly wrong.† [vii] SPIDER is a project which aims to create an enabling environment for dialogue on elections, democracy and good governance through capacity building on access to information and ICT skills. [viii] HeyCrowd is an entirely mobile opinion-sharing platform. [ix] GovTogether is a network to connect voters to politicians. [x] VoteIQ allows users to get political news/information, rate politicians, watchdog politicians and the media. [xi] Actly enables users to enter a politicians Twitter handle and briefly tweet an idea and hook a politician to a petition. References Accessed on 28th February, 2 PM http://www.taoofdemocracy.com/sample.html

Individual Patient Care in Dementia

Individual Patient Care in Dementia A nurse’s role focuses on the help, care and support given to their patients whilst treating people as individuals and upholding their dignity (The NMC code, 2015). In this essay I will discuss the ways in which nurses can ensure that patients with dementia receive individualised patient care. The aim of this essay is to demonstrate how care is implemented to patients with dementia and how nurses ensure care is individualised to meet the patients’ needs and wants. Nurses can identify the individual needs of the patient by following the nursing process.   The nursing process is a series of stages intended for nurses to demonstrate excellent care. It consists of five phases: Assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating.   This process is client centred. These stages mean that nurses should individualise what is needed for one patient.   A patient needs, and problems is identified through these steps. The Assessment phase is the first step in which it allows nurses to identify what the patient’s needs are. The nurse collects information from the patient by asking them questions and running physical examinations. They dissect the information that is gathered in this stage in which it is further analysed which requires in dept thinking. The Diagnosing Phase is the next phase in which the nurses make an overall diagnosis about the information that was collected in the assessment phase (Gardner, 2003). It is stated that patients tackle a medical diagnosis with what mental health professionals name an anticipatory anxiety. They are nervous and scared as to what they are told and how it may change their day to day life for them and their close ones (McClain and Buchman, 2011).   The diagnosis of dementia entails of examination, cognitive testing and assessment. Nurses informing patients that their memory and cognitive function is beginning to change can be challenging and difficult to hear hence it is crucial that nurses should uphold their dignity and inform them of the treatment that will be applied and to give them the help and support they need. (Prince and Martin, 2016). The planning phase lets the nurses create a plan of action in which ongoing treatment will be discussed. This phase allows the nurses to address patient’s needs. The implementing phase is when nurses carry out the plan of action. For dementia patients their symptoms tend to go worse. It is vital that nurses demonstrate great care in which they can them support with daily activities e.g. washing and dressing them. They should also monitor the patient and focus on the improvements made by the patients. It is vital that the nurses care, monitor and support that is given to the patients is continuous. The care that is received by the patients with dementia is much lower as to those patients without dementia hence it is fundamental that the nurses ensure that care is individualised to the patients’ needs and wants.   For the last evaluation phase, it is crucial that nurses complete an evaluation to see if the treatment that was carried out is working and if any changes happen. If the treatment isn’t working nurses can support the client, analyse and understand as to why it didn’t work (Gardner, 2003). Nurses should respect the patient’s beliefs and prevent making assumptions mainly grounded on their appearance or other personal quality. They must listen and consider patient concerns. It is vital that the nurse is non-judgmental and open minded towards the patient. Nurses can ensure care is individualised when it comes to fulfilling the nutrition, pain management and personal needs of the patient. If the patient cannot manage or is unable to regulate their nutrition, then the nurse should support and encourage the patient by placing food within their reach (Kaplan, 1996). Providing care to a patient who suffers from dementia is vital as the patient does not have the ability fully understand their diagnosis. As a nurse, it is encouraged to introduce yourself to the patient to create a therapeutic relationship during treatment. Patients who have dementia are no longer able to maintain their individuality and personhood hence why it is important that nurses can try and uphold and preserve it for them. Patients value nurses recognizing their individuality. Nurses reassure patients that one is not living a horrible and unhappy life by implementing the worth and value to their life by trying to get to know the person behind the patient. Nurses can ensure that care is individualised as they could get to know the individual, their values, likes and dislikes and hobbies as this gives the patient an individuality whilst always showing compassion and respect (Collins and Hughes, 2014). This is most valued and appreciated by patients as it allows the nurses to know the characteristic and the personality of the patient.   Nurses can show recognition to the patient by acknowledging their needs and wants and providing care that is customized and adapted to it. It is important that nurses try and build an insight of the patient’s world and how to bond with them. When communicating and engaging with them they must always say their name unless the patient wishes a different way of being addressed.   Nurses can consider the patients perspective when demonstrating care that is exclusively personalised to their needs.   Giving recognition to the patient allows the relationship to build much stronger as you are giving your attention and time to them.   Nurses would give the patients the choice and responsibility to make their own decisions when it comes to their choice of food, clothes they want to wear, getting involved in activities etc. Allowing the patients to make decision like this lets them know that they are comfortable. It also gives them a sense of involvement and participation to express their qualities and personality. However, when the discussion of making clinical discussions arises and the patient is unable to make the decisions due to cognitive abilities declining, the family and doctors will be more involved. Nurses should allow the patients to create their own pace in which you shouldn’t push the patients over their limits. It would be much of a benefit to focus on the improvements made by the patients even if it’s something small. This would motivate and drive the patient building their self-esteem. When a nurse is caring for a patient who has dementia it is important that you do not patronise them. Respect for the patient is a main aspect nurses must implement in their duty of care. Nurses can ensure that the care and treatment given to the patients is with both respect and compassion (The NMC code, 2015). Socialisation and interaction is fundamental for patients as it allows the patients to maintain a social life and form relationships. Allowing the patients to experience and be around company will progress their communication skills. Nurses should recognise that all patients including people with dementia is built in relationships and that dementia patients require a healthy social environment to promote opportunities for personal and mental progress.   Dementia affects the way a patient communicates. People suffering from dementia can find difficulties responding back to question (NICE, 2012).   When conversing with patient with dementia they may also find problems to maintain the information during a discussion.  Nurses must validate and shouldn’t dismiss what is said by the patient. They must try to understand and take notice of what the patient expresses to them.   Nurses can communicate in a calm and respectful way in which they should speak directly to the patient. It can be frustrating for a patient with dementia to communicate their needs and wants hence it is vital that nurses are supposed to remain calm and patient if the patient becomes agitated (Ellis and Astell, 2017).   When a patient’s conditions begin to deteriorate, health and social care needs begin to increase causing them to require more help and personal care. When nurses are relaying information to a patient they should give the patient both oral and written information, so it can be fully understood and so it can encourage and boost their communication skills in their care and treatment. When released from hospital, people with dementia are likely to suffer a serious loss of individuality, and increased needs for help and support. So, it is important that the care is demonstrated to patients not only during hospital but when they arrive home.   Nurses can try and view the world from the viewpoint of the person with dementia, distinguishing that everyone’s experience has its own psychological validity, that people with dementia act from this outlook (Brooker, 2007). The ageing population is exponentially increasing resulting in challenges to nurses in coping and treating the conditions and health needs that arise with old age (Bhardwa, 2015). These barriers that I will be explaining are obstacles that prevent the pace of excellent care being demonstrated by nurses. The barriers to demonstrating care to dementia patients is that they receive poor quality in which nurses tend to focus on other patients with severe illness and diseases.   Another barrier would be ineffective advance care planning. Some people with dementia receive a delayed diagnosis which can result in them not having the mental capacity to attain decisions. A lot of patients find it difficult to vision their self-getting better due to their current state. Nurses can ensure that the care that is provided to people with dementia is quality care during the duration of their treatment. Hospice use is incredibly low for dementia patients. The people with dementia that get transferred to a hospice can result in confusion and distress at a state in which the person is unable to handle change. Also, they have completely different needs compared to cancer patience’s. It is crucial that both staff and nurses have the training required to deliver care to individuals with dementia. Age discrimination is also a barrier that elderly patients face in which the symptoms demonstrated to doctors and nurses is referred to a getting old. Nurses are failing to spot and notice the symptoms of dementia in a lot of patients which creates a poor rate of diagnosis (Collins and Hughes, 2014). The organization like the National Health Service also create barriers resulting in patients not receiving the care they need. They have limited access to resources, lack of time, heavy patient workloads and insufficient staffing. Nurses have a contribution when it comes to the barriers of providing care to patients. Some nurses have a lack of interest, lack of confidence in critical appraisal skills, lack of knowledge and them feeling overwhelmed (CAN, 2018). Dementia patients experience behavioural and personality changes. Patients that specifically have advances dementia tend to be physically aggressive, have hallucination and get agitated. These symptoms can result physical and emotional distress to both the patient and the nurse. There is also hostile treatment for dementia patients that is very familiar in which it consists of tube feeding and antibiotic treatment for infections. This treatment is known to be wrong and does not improve survival. Families of the patient shows great dissatisfaction against the aggressive treatment that is demonstrated to the patients. Nurses can implement excellent care by concentrating on improving patients comfort and increase in advance care planning (Collins and Hughes, 2014). The points I explained in this essay show how providing and offering care to people with dementia can be complex and there can be a lot of boundaries that come along with it however when the when the needs, wants, choices and problems is focused and centred around the patient that’s when care is at its best. Nurses should always put the patient first. Nurses can value patients with dementia by promoting their self -worth and treating them as individuals. References The Code, 2015) Your Bibliography: The Code. (2015). [ebook] Nursing and Midwifery Council. Available at: https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf [Accessed 26 Apr. 2018].(McClain and Buchman, 2011) McClain, G. and Buchman, M. (2011). After the diagnosis. [Clifton Park, N.Y.]: Delmar Cengage Learning. Gardner, P. (2003). Nursing process in action. Australia: Thomson, Delmar Learning. Prince, Martin, Comas-Herrera, Adelina, Knapp, Martin, Guerchet, Maà «lenn and Karagiannidou, Maria (2016) World Alzheimer report 2016: improving healthcare for people living with dementia: coverage, quality and costs now and in the future. Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), London, UK (Kaplan, 1996)   Kaplan, M. (1996). Clinical practice with caregivers of dementia patients. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis.    (Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services, 2012) Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. (2012). NICE. Ellis, M. and Astell, A. (2017). Adaptive interaction and dementia. Brooker, D. (2007). Person-centred dementia care. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. (Bhardwa, 2015) Bhardwa, S. (2015). Barriers to dementia care. Independent Nurse. (Cna-aiic.ca, 2018)Cna-aiic.ca. (2018). Barriers to Nursing. [online] Available at: https://cna-aiic.ca/en/nursing-practice/evidence-based-practice/barriers-to-nursing [Accessed 26 Apr. 2018]. Collins, J. and Hughes, J. (2014). Living and dying with dementia in England: Barriers to care. London.

Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Nature of Religious Language Essay -- Languag

Ludwig Wittgenstein once believed that language's function was to name objects and the meaning of language was found in the objects for which it stands. He later rejected this and centred on how language works and is used, believing that problems of religious language come from misunderstanding its usage. Wittgenstein was no longer concerned with the truth or falsity of language but the way it is used and the functions that it performs, as he said 'Don't ask for the meaning ask for the use.' Wittgenstein recognised that language is equivocal as words have many different meanings, such as the word 'pen' whose meaning changes in different contexts. He saw language as a game, which like all games had its own set of rules. Different contexts or 'forms of life' are like different language games with their own self contained rules. Those not involved in a particular language game effectively become 'non-players' and so the language holds no meaning for them, however, this does not give the non-believer the right to dismiss religious language as meaningless. Wittgenstein used the example of 'soul' to illustrate the problems of trying to use words in the wrong language 'game'. He felt that the problems stemming from the word 'soul' are caused because people try to see it as a physical object. Such problems would disappear if people realised that the 'physical object game' didn't apply in this case. It was argued that language is a social product, therefore individuals could not have their own private language as one could not be certain that language was being used correctly. Wittgenstein therefore rejected Descartes ... ... Religious believers are also involved in other language games because they are involved in other aspects of life. This means that religious language is not totally isolated and there will be some common ground with other 'language games'. This may suggest that the non-believer may be able to understand religious language and decide if it holds any meaning for them. It is also argued that if anything, non-believers may be able to understand religious language better than a believer, as they can be more objective about it. It seems that Wittgenstein was mistaken as seeing religious language only being intelligible in the context of religious belief. Many religious statements entail a truth which is not dependent upon context, but statements such as 'Jesus died to bring salvation' are though of as true for everyone.

The Works of Henry David Thoreau Essay -- Transcendentalism Thoreau

The works of Henry David Thoreau clearly show his belief in transcendentalism. The dictionary defines transcendentalism as any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material. "Walden", a story that describes Thoreau's experiences while living on Walden Pond, emphasizes the importance of individuality and self-reliance. Thoreau's essay, "Civil Disobedience", advocates the importance of prioritizing one's principles over the laws of the government. It also criticizes the American social institutions and polices. In both literary works, Thoreau incorporates multiple illustrations of transcendentalism. The story of "Walden" begins with the narrator explaining that during his two year stay at Walden Pond he was spiritually enriched. Walden Pond provided the narrator with the opportunity to view society from the outside and observe that most men lead their lives in desperation. Thoreau believed that men wasted their lives by chasing after material possessions. He sensed that this behavior caused people to focus their attention on labor, losing inner freedom. Thoreau illustrates this point by saying farming has become another dehumanizing way to accumulate wealth. Thoreau discovers through his own "economy" what is really necessary to live a fulfilled life. For example: He builds a cabin, for the cost of $28. 12 by selling the beans he grew. By working odd jobs, he is able to make a profit of $8.71. Hence, he is able to support himself with very little work and still has time for personal reflection. Thoreau's transcendentalist beliefs are continually reflected in his writings. "When one has reduced a fact of the imagination to be a fact of his understanding, I foresee t... ... He feels that the government gets its viewpoint on important issues from a majority of like minded people, who are not concerned with doing what is best or what is right. According to Thoreau, the system is set up so that the majority rules. Thoreau disagrees with this view, he feels that a person has the obligation to do what he or she feels is right, instead of what is dictated to them by the system of government. He presents his own experiences as a model on how to relate to an unjust government. For example Thoreau spends a night in jail, after he refused to pay taxes in protest against slavery. He feels this allows him to be dissociated from the government, "washing his hands" of it. Throughout the article Thoreau says that it is more important to develop a respect for the right, rather than a respect for law, for people's obligations are to do what is right.

Humans and Animals Difference Essay

More than 100 million animals every year suffer and die in cruel chemical, drug, food and cosmetic tests, biology lessons, medical training exercises, and curiosity-driven medical experiments Define and explain animal testing. Is there a need for medical research to be carried out using animal experimentation or are there alternatives to using animals in medical research? What is Animal Testing? Animal testing can also known as animal experimentation or it is also known animal research. Animal research is a fundamental part of scientist and medical process. Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advance. It is also continue to aid our understanding of various diseases. Animal research is where animals are being used in research projects, and they are also being used as a part of a range of scientific techniques. All these have stated above have included in human trials, cell culture, computer modeling and others. Besides that, animal testing also known as in vivo testing. In vivo testing, they use the non-human animals to experiment. On the other hand, it is also can explain as experimentation that using living organism as opposed to a dead organism. Having animal research are necessary in many areas. Consideration about medical research on animals, it is an important aspect or a key to discovering and develop new treatments in the medical field. Besides that, by doing animal testing, we also can find out the lasts solution in medical research. It is necessary to have animal testing because some of the animals have the certain characteristic that have similarity to human beings. And only by doing medical research on animal we can find out the way to make a better improvement on human’s health. Animal studies are highly informative part of biomedical research. And animal research might be one of the important ways to answer the question that further our understanding of biology. Thus, they consider that using animals is the only way we can test the effect of a genetic mutation, or cancerous cell on the whole body. However, they believe that doing animal research will always help to discover ways to help people and perhaps on others animal in the future. Some of the animal that can immune to diseases which humans can contract and when an efficient amount of testing is done, they will apply all those traits on humans. To determine which preventive solution to be use on human, there is necessary to have research on animals. Humans and animals have more in common than the differences of both of humans and animals have. Like mice, mice share over 90% of their genes with humans. They have the same organs like humans, they doing the same things in the same places. Besides mice, fish and tadpoles also share enough of characteristic with human beings. Even flies and worms also been used in doing research and have come out with a breakthrough. And since animals have an extraordinary of complex systems that have a huge amount of similarities with human beings, and a computer hasn’t been invented to have a power to reproduce all the complex interaction. Thus, we cannot reproduce a beating heart in a test tube or stroke on a computer. Hence, to have animal testing is necessary in order them to discover safe drugs or to achieve in medical progress that can save human lives or perhaps to improve millions of lives throughout this experimentation on animals. As the Department of Health has stated, animal research has contributed to almost every medical advance for the last century. Without animal testing, medical that we know it nowadays wouldn’t be existing. Animal research has help us find different treatments for different kind of cancer, illness, surgery for injuries, antibiotics and vaccines to prevent those most deadly and debilitating viruses. In the other hand, The Federal Law also did requires as long as the test are to be tested on human beings, it will be necessary all the procedures and test will be tested on animals at the first place for scientific advancement and for human well beings. Besides that, it also mentioned that, animals can be used in doing research where there is no better or suitable alternatives methods are available. Of course, some animal research really have a great breakthrough in medical science, but it does not mean that all the animals research have, some of those breakthrough might also have been carried out through non animal experimentation if they had been equally well funded. However, animal testing or animal research is sometimes unreliable as a guide for human biology. It is because different kind of species animals might have different reaction towards the drug that had been testing on them. There’s also a problem on information they have gleaned from animals in the labs. Like what have applied to the dogs, mice or monkeys, there might not necessarily applied on human beings. For example, HIV, is deadly to human beings but it is not for the most laboratory animals. So by searching for the cures of HIV on different species of animals may not produce the result that is applicable on humans. Anyhow, still human-center research invariably gets more accurate, effective and safe results. Like what had Andre Menache from Animal Aid said, â€Å"An animals provide data, yes of course they do provide data; but it might be the wrong data. This is also what she means by, the experimentation results maybe it can applies to monkey, but that does not mean it can also apply on human beings. So which means by the end of result, whatever that you have discover on animals, you will have to discover it again by testing it on humans. Hence, not only the animals do suffer in these experiments but the first few patients whom use these treatments will suffer too. In fact, there are 700 treatments for stroke that had worked in laboratory animals but only have one that works in humans. And even the one treatment is controversial. Scientist and government state that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and since that animal testing should only be performed where there are no others alternatives. An alternative technique is a type of testing method that without using on animals. There are viable alternative that can be used instead of vertebrate animals. And here is one of the alternative called In vitro alternatives. In vitro alternatives are some of the most common types of tests that are being used nowadays. These tests require the use of isolate tissue and cell cultures, and this is which can be harmless and easy to obtain. Besides of vitro alternative, there is also other alternative called micro dosing, in which the basic reaction of drugs are assessed by using human volunteers to receiving well dose below those expected to produce whole body effects. In addition, another alternative that exists to prove the viability of non-animal testing methods and to improve the treatments of using animals testing, and the alternative are known as the three R’s. By using the three R’s, that animals live can be spared. The three R’s stand for: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Firstly, Replacement refers to avoid the using of animals in animal research. Which is possible to replace the living animals to others non-animals method such as tissue culture and computer simulation, where it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. Secondly, Reduction refers to reduce the number of using animals in medical research. Researchers should use as less animals in an experiment as they can. But of course, that should also have to obtain the same levels of information from among the fewer animals. Anyhow, they also have to be sure if it is necessary to have animals testing. Lastly, Refinement refers to decrease the suffering and distress on animals. Which also mean by making improvement on animal lives that being used in medical research. In addition, if the researchers want to do an experiment using animals, then they must improve the living condition of the animals they used in doing research. However, animals testing have led to remarkable breakthroughs in medical field. Hence, using the alternative method does not really work well as using animal testing. Therefore, some of the times we have to agree the use of animals in medical research to get the best available model for the solution. And the scientist can also choose which animals experiment should be carried out or should not be carried out. In conclusion, using animals in medical research are remains essential. However, animals testing in medical are unpleasant and no one will never really like to do it. But as a part of the safety tests for new medicines in futures, of course they are requiring to have animals testing before they are tested in humans. Thus, at the end, they believe that using animals in medical research will reduce massive human suffering.

Ancient Egypt’s Afrocentricity Essay

Thesis: Due to geographic, cultural, and historic evidence, Egypt is an Afrocentric so studying it should be considered Afrocentric. However, due to social constructs and the colonization of Africa, many wrongly do not consider studying Egypt as Afrocentric. Abstract: Egypt, like all other African countries has an extensive history rich with a unique culture and belief system. Unfortunately, Ancient Egyptian culture and history is buried under a synthesized backdrop for what is European history. Though the nation was influence by many cultures over the years, Egypt must still hold onto its true origins by rediscovering and challenging it’s own history in order to reinvent it as an Afrocentric nation that founded a unique Afrocentric cultural ideology that deals with the self determination of the Pan-African ideology in culture, philosophy, and history. Critical Review of Scholarship: In an article by Shahira Amin, an Egyptian journalist, that discussed how modern day Egyptians perceive themselves, their history, and their culture. Surprisingly, rather than consider their culture and selves as African, Egyptians consider themselves as â€Å"Arab Muslims.† Identity of self encompasses many factors, including religion, however, it is because the culture was buried under a backdrop for what is European history, and modern day Egyptians don’t view themselves as Africans. Amin’s article also emphasized Egyptians revisiting their true African roots. In Egypt, Africa and the Ancient World by Joseph Cervello Autuori and Is Studying Egypt in Its African Context ‘Afrocentric? by S.O.Y. Keita discusses the history of Egypt before and after the colonization era. Similar to all African countries that were colonized by Europeans, Egypt was influenced by the cultures of the people who occupied it, however, initially, Egypt has an Afrocentric culture like the one that of it’s African counterparts. In addition, online articles, Egypt’s Place in Modern Africa by Saidis Aswan Egy and Afrocenity by Dr. Molefi Kete Asante helped to ground the ideas of Afrocentism into modern Egypt and how they should  draw power from their ancient roots and strengthen their identity. Discussion: A person’s identity can be based on many factors such as race, culture, and class. A group of persons make up a community and groups of communities make a nation. Egypt is a country in Africa; however most people forget their true roots, or choose to let geography and European history define it. Based on geography specifically, Egypt is in Africa so studying it should be considered Afrocentric. However, due to social constructs and the colonization of Africa, many wrongly do not consider studying Egypt as an Afrocentric nation. Africa is a continent composed of many diverse and powerful countries. Afrocentric means to study something in its African context and origin. Its purpose is to shift peoples’ thinking from what they have been taught previously that was based on a Eurocentric point of view. â€Å"Afrocentricity becomes a revolutionary idea because it studies ideas, concepts, events, personalities, and political and economic processes from a standpoint of black people as subjects and not as objects, basing all knowledge on the authentic interrogation of location.† When Africa was torn apart during the Berlin Conference, Egypt was valued for its technology and architecture. Later when this same architecture was being studied and was trying to be reproduced, it was found to be very complex and made of intricate patterns the Europeans had not even thought of. However, they could not believe anyone that was not a European could be smart. So instead of the European being inferior to an Africa n, people were led to believe that Egyptians were not Africans. The problem of Egyptians not being recognized as Africans also arose when the Arabs colonized Africa whilst spreading Islam. Many nations tried to control Egypt and shape it in a way that made them feel better about themselves. This, unfortunately left – and still leaves Egypt – the people of Egypt to shun their African ethnicity instead of being relating to it. Despite Egyptians being brainwashed into believing they are not a part of Africa, it can be seen that they are as integrated as the other 53 countries that share its continent. This can be seen through Egypt’s language and  archeology. Language is important because, though it is diverse throughout the world, if its origins can be traced, it can determine how a nation began. In the case of Egypt, â€Å"Egyptian is a member of the Afro-Asiatic family which originated in Africa and was not imported from Asia or Europe†. When the complete history of Egypt is looked at, it can be seen that it is, in fact Afro-centric despite the influences from other countries. In relation to archaeology, it suggests that early Egyptian culture rose directly through indigenous Africans. Archaeologists have also found that crops from the other side of the Nile River were integrated into the lifestyle of early Egyptians. In short, despite how much Egyptians refuse to accept Afrocentism as de scribing them; there are clear details that can prove Egypt’s core is African, not European or Mediterranean influence. Geography and race also play a big part in Egypt recognizing itself as African. In contrast to â€Å"traditional contextualization of Egypt in the ‘Mediterranean’ or ‘Near Eastern’† geographically, Egypt is in Africa. So naturally, the people in the nation share physical characteristics with those around them, as well with Africans as a whole (though they might be minute). Ancient Egypt emerged on the banks of the Nile River, which flows from the core of Africa. Three African countries on its east, south, and west border Egypt while it is separated from Asia by the Mediterranean Sea. It is simply ignorant to disregard the physical barriers that separate Egypt from Asia and Europe, and to disregard the borders that keep it within Africa. When studying Egypt people should not forget to include Africa and how Egypt being in Africa has also influenced and advanced the nation to what it is today, therefore, studying Egypt’s history should be considered Afrocentric. Work Cited SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. Talmadge Anderson, James Stewart, Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications. (Black Classic Press, 2007), 29. Frederick Douglass, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave: Written by Himself. (Boston: The Anti-Slavery Office, 1845), 37. â€Å"Dr. Nathan Hare,† Black Think Tank, last modified Feb 5, 2014. Asante, Molefi K. â€Å"Afrocentricity.† Latest Books. Afrocentricity, 13 Apr. 2009. Web. 02 Oct. 2014.

Motivation Evaluation Essay

Motivation Evaluation Motivation has three major viewpoints consisting of psychoanalytic, humanistic, and diversity (McAdams, 2009). Another approach to human motivations is Henry Murray’s theory. These views can help a person understand the motivations of others. In the case of Ted Bundy, using these viewpoints can help understand the reasons behind his motives for becoming a serial killer. Psychoanalytic view At an early age, Ted Bundy became interested in disturbing objects such as knives (bio. True Story, 2013). This was only the beginning however. As a teenager Bundy began looking through people’s windows and stealing (bio. True Story, 2013). In an interview before his death, he told psychologist James C. Dobson that pornography especially those that depicted violent sexual relations fueled his reasons (interview, January 23, 1989). This fits into Freud’s view that motivation comes from our sexual and aggressive urges (McAdams, 2009). Humanistic view Humanists believe that people’s motives stem from wanting to better themselves (McAdams, 2009). While Bundy’s murderous crimes do not convey a person who is trying to better their self his academic and social life does. After Bundy learned his sister was actually his mother and the devastating break up between him and his girlfriend he threw himself into his studies and graduated with honors (bio, 2013). Bundy also became a republican campaigner for the governor of Washington who wrote him a letter of recommendation for law school (bio. True Story, 2013). Diversity view The diversity view believes that people are motivated by a number of things (McAdams, 2009). The reason for Bundy’s rampage on killing women falls under the diversity view because pornography is not believed to be his only reason. While in college he fell in love with a woman who did not reciprocate the feelings he did (bio, 2013). His victims during his killing spree shared her physical characteristics; it is possible this heart break  drove him to doing harm to women who resembled her (bio, 2013). Henry Murray’s Theory Another view of motivation comes from Henry Murray. He believes that a person’s motivation comes from time and its force includes needs, press, and thema (McAdams, 2009). Needs are constructs of the brain that deals with human thinking, perceiving, strivings, and feelings (McAdams, 2009). Press is, according to McAdams (2009) â€Å"various situational constraints and opportunities for need expression â€Å"(279). The repeated interaction between the two is called the thema (McAdams, 2009). Conclusion The psychoanalytic perspective believes that motivations come from our sexual and aggressive urges; the humanistic believes that these motives stem from wanting to better ourselves, and the diversity view states that there are numerous motives for individual actions (McAdams, 2009). Another view point is found from Henry Murray who discusses how a person’s needs motivate them. Ted Bundy was a serial killer who’s motives could be explained using each one of the viewpoints including how his ambitions to kill started and what could have possibly pushed him over his hypothetical ledge. Reference bio.. (2013). Ted Bundy Biography. Retrieved from http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/ted-bundy.html bio. True Story. (2013). Ted Bundy. biography. Retrieved from http://www.biography.com/people/ted-bundy-9231165?page=1 McAdams, D. P. (2009). The person: An introduction to the science of personality psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Moscow and Grand National Capital

1. How did Paris become the model for the Grand National capital city? Paris becomes a model for the Grand National capital city because of its impressive public buildings, but mostly because of the work of Haussmann. Before the transformation, Paris was extremely congested, dirty and unpleasant. It was not unified and it had a lack of an effective transportation system. After Haussmann’s work, Paris becomes a model not only within France but also internationally because of its ideal environment and power. 2. How did Haussmann transform the city in just 2 decades?What was his contribution to the economic development of Paris? Haussmann carved out boulevards through the dense city, and opened up the city. He sold land and helped finance construction of new apartment buildings. Sewer systems and clean water was brought into the city, and space was made for both circulation traffic and armies for control. He even created public restrooms for the city, along with parks and the gre en areas of the city. Because of Haussmann’s urbanization, Paris grew economically because it became a place that reflected the power of the state and a place of exporting. . Why were the advantages of the Boulevard system? What were the disadvantages? The Boulevard system created a sense of orientation for the city as well as dividing it evenly. It made transportation easier and organized the city in a way. Some disadvantages might be that some people don’t like a repetitive look of the boulevards and that it could create traffic. 4. What was the social democratic vision for Paris after World War II? What were its advantages and what were its disadvantages?The social democratic vision for Paris after World War II included things such as national healthcare, free education systems, family allowances, pensions and unemployment insurance. The development of the subways and better transportation systems were some advantages of the changes after WWII. Paris also builds new modern buildings, such as the subsidized housing buildings. However even though the housing was built for the white French people, immigrants later started to move in which caused social problems and separations 5.What are some of the problems that have emerged in recent years in Paris as a result of neo-liberalization and market orientation? What are some of the benefits? Some of the problems that have emerged recently in Paris are that there is still separation between the social classes in the suburbs and then in the city. Paris has been moving towards the more global standard of international development as opposed to a highly regulated system. Consumer choice has become more popular and this allows businesses in Paris to have more freedom in the market.

Information System and League Tables Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information System and League Tables - Essay Example Public administration is a complex and difficult process. Before a public service is delivered, it most likely has passed through several stages and agencies that composed the bureaucracy before it is delivered to the end user. Leslie Budd (2009) provided a specific benefit when she explained that e-government is primarily implemented in order to achieve economic efficiency, as information and communications technologies such as the IS can reduce the amount of bureaucratic procedures in public administrations. (p74) Traunmuller (2004), for his part, pointed out that bureaucracy imposes on its environment its rules, its operating modes and it transfers the management of complexity to the end user that is why, in the effort of governments to modernize, a transition towards end-user oriented approach is adopted. (p82) Crucial to this initiative is the solution for the problem of interoperability that characterizes bureaucracies. The issue about making public service easier to the public is a daunting task when services involve numerous agencies with their own respective mini bureaucracies. IS solved this dilemma. According to Traunmuller, this is achieved in the three stages that are crucial for the concept of e-government. To cite these stages:Anytime, Anywhere: the first of the process in electronic administration that involves the linking of different information held by different actors. IS solves this dilemma by providing the application by which the complex information system can be collected.

What is your personal environmental ecological ethic Essay

What is your personal environmental ecological ethic - Essay Example What this implies is the fact that our efforts and endeavors must be aligned, planned and executed in such a way that there would be more fairness resulting from them than any other aspect. My personal environmental ecological ethic therefore banks staunchly on how I shape up elements within the ecological realms and what I learn from these all this while. This paper shall discuss my personal environmental ecological ethic and how it relates with the changing dynamics of the environmental debates as seen by my entirety in the time and age of today. What I have learned from the environmental ecological debate is the fact that human beings need to interact with the animals and plants – essentially living things, on a constant basis. This is the age of co-existence and we, as human beings need to continuously monitor things around us, and thus devise ways and means through which we can interact, co-exist and correlate with the other organisms and living beings present in this wor ld. The aspect of ethics coming into the equation is all the more important because dealing with these living beings must be based on a premise which inculcates tolerance, empathy and care, more than anything else discernible. These discussions center on the aspect of bringing in a collective vision to set things right, and that too within the contexts of building upon the strengths that are present within the environmental ecological debates (Omta, 2011). Sustainability and adherence to the moral constructs within the environmental ecological understandings is indeed significant to bring in the much needed value and quality within the care concerns when one discusses the quintessential tangents of environmental ecological ethics. If the ethical considerations are not given the proper room to come out in the open and make a mark for its own self, there would be disharmony and anarchy amongst the world’s most prized being, the human beings themselves. However, on the flip side , if these human beings construct the very basis of co-existing with the other organisms and living beings on the face of this earth, there would be much success and comprehension within the related departments (Ehiri, 2006). As suggested earlier, co-existence will indeed produce solid results as per my understanding and opinion of human beings being at the helm of satisfying the environmental ecological ethical debates. I am of the opinion that sanity might come about if there are concerted efforts within the related contexts of harmonizing the living beings and looking after the food domains that are present for them. Moving further ahead, I am a firm believer in the premise that food abundance is indeed a good omen for the living beings, which co-exist with one another in the world and for the sake of the ecology and the environment in essence. My belief has been strengthened with the kind of work that has come about with the important elements of the ecology, the human beings, t he animals and plants, all of which are making use of food and turning the solid wastes into food once again, though with a lot of processing required at different ends (Hannabuss, 2009). Food shortage could mean that the generations within the living beings could come to a halt. Same is the case with the depletion of the resources which could take place any time, and the manner under which these have to be used, and specifically by the human beings is somewhat of a problem for all concerned. However, proper steps need to be taken to do away with the negativities present within th

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study - Essay Example The past twenty-five years may be described as growing years. From its creation in 1971 up 2006 before the big fall of its share price, the company was observed adopting growing and expansion strategies as a logical explanation of its continued stock price. See Appendix A. The dramatic ascension of Starbucks from a single coffee store in Seattle’s Pike Place market to a Fortune 500 company in 2009 could now be considered an American business legend that would show a different kind of entrepreneurial skill from the founders and managers. A critical development that contributed to its expansion strategies involved the hiring of Howard Schultz as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing. Mr. Schultz who operated a coffee bar chain eventually bought the company from the original owners led by Baldwin. After rebranding his coffee chain into Starbucks, he eventually became the Chairman and CEO of the company and continues to occupy the position even at present. Mr. Schultz was th en living in New York as he managed the U.S. operations of a Swedish kitchenware company. It was his being fascinated about ordering large quantities of an unusual kind of coffee filter by a small Seattle company, Starbucks coffee, that caused the man to visit the store in 1981. Starbucks owners-mangers named Gerald Baldwin and Gordon Bowker, who had been running the company for a decade had hired Schultz who was earlier fascinated by â€Å"the vision of a national chain of coffee stores†.  

Occupational Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Occupational Performance - Essay Example It also tries to explain why the impairment could cause difficulties and the consequences for the individuals of these difficulties and finds ways in which these difficulties might be reduced or overcome. Occupational performance can be defined as the ability of a person to perform tasks for the purpose of carrying out her/his occupational roles in a satisfying manner. The importance of analyzing functional performance is of crucial importance to occupational therapy. The assessment of an individual's / group or populations' level of functioning is very important in planning an occupational therapy for an individual. Occupational therapists take into account the many types of occupations humans might engage, sort them into categories called 'areas of occupation' Let's look at the various performance roles first: Occupational performance roles are patterns of behavior in different kinds of occupation in ones daily life i.e. self-maintenance, productivity, leisure and rest. The roles are determined by individual's physical, mental and spiritual conditions and her/his relationship with external environment. Biomechanical components refer to the operation and interaction of and between physical structures of the body during task performance. This can include range of motion, muscle strength, grasp, muscular and cardiovascular endurance, circulation, elimination of body waste. From the perspective of the task or sub-task, this component refers to the biomechanical attributes of the task; for example, size, weight, dimension and location of objects. Sensory-Motor Performance Component refers to the operation and interaction of and between sensory input and motor responses of the body during task performance. Cognitive Performance Component: refers to the operation and interaction of and between mental processes used during task performance. Intrapersonal Performance Component: refers to the operation and interaction of and between internal psychological processes used during task performance. Interpersonal Performance Component refers to the continuing and changing interaction between a person and others during task performance that contributes to the development of the individual as a participant in society. Elements of Occupational Performance are the body, mind and spirit. The Occupational Performance Model (Australia) acknowledges that together these core elements of human existence form the human body, the human brain, the human mind, the human consciousness of self and the human awareness of the universe (Popper, 1981) Body Element: The tangible physical components of human structure consists the body element. Mind Element: the basic intellectual component of an individual is called the Mind element Spirit Element: is defined loosely as that aspect of humans which seeks a sense of harmony within self and between self, nature, others and in some cases an ultimate other; seeks an existing mystery to life; inner conviction; hope and meaning.As stated earlier the areas on which occupational performances are observed are Self-maintenance, productivity, leisure and rest. Self-Maintenance Occupations are regular tasks and sub-tasks done by an

Business enivronemnts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business enivronemnts - Essay Example External factors have the capacity to determine whether an organization adopts new technologies. In the IT company I worked for, one of the external factors that placed the company under pressure was the rival adoption of the technology. Notably, there is an increased competition between information technology companies. Since many of the companies operating in the same industry had not adopted the new technology, the company had to carry out a critical analysis of its potential benefits. Theorists have highlighted that it is easier to adopt a new technology when other companies in the industry have already adopted and implemented the technology. The reason for this emanates from the fact that when the first company adopts the technology, other companies can learn how to implement it and can discern the potential benefits. In addition, prices are likely to be lower. Organizations that choose to go fast in the adoption of new technology undergo experiential learning. This was the case with the IT company, which sought to adopt a new technology that competitor had not received. However, the competitors were not the only external factors. The company considered the social factors of the new technology. Worth noting is the fact that the information and technology sector presents numerous social impacts.

Marketing in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing in Practice - Essay Example Research was done that indicated the student’s use of the online digital library and the data collected showed that many students are not actually using the services of the library and this impairs reaching the objectives of the plan. This report thus gives an in-depth account of social marketing theory and the related secondary materials that were used to understand the situation of the Birmingham library. With reference to this, appropriate objective and recommendation are given in this report to ensure that the students adopt the new provision as expected by the university; it is to be achieved using social marketing for behaviour change (Weinreich 2011, p.45). Action plan for the implementation of the recommendation is also given as well as the controls of the same program in Birmingham library. Introduction The tradition and role of social marketing is to ensure that marketing is applied together with other concepts and techniques that will culminate into the social good of the targeted group of people (Alder 2010, p.24). The difference between social marketing and commercial marketing should thus be palpable, in social marketing; the driving agenda is not finances as the case with commercial marketing, they tend skew their interest to pursue social good (Pintado, 2007: p. 32). Birmingham Library is a university library that houses all genres of academic materials from sciences to humanities, with the population of the student’s numbers increasing every academic intake (Krol 2010, p.38). There is urgent need then to ensure that some of the services that are currently offered physically in the library are decentralized so that students can have access to the information even without visiting the library premises (Lazer, William, and Eugene 2006, p.20). This proposed idea is supposed to use online library services to enable students to access online books using their tablets, lap top computers, and phone while they are outside that university l ibrary (Kotler and Nancy 2008, p.16). This development will not only help in decongesting the library that is currently receiving high level of traffic movement of students but will also be useful in serving the student’s convenience of using library services in various places including within the hostel without having to move into the library (Burcher 2012, p.19). The university thus wants to use social marketing as a way of advising the students on the available options of accessing the library services without having to borrow physical books (Penford, 2011: p. 37). This is deemed to be of social good to the student as they will have the books in soft copy and can use them anytime without having to visit the library every time. On the other hand, the university will also benefit in the sense that they will be able to accommodate the needs of all the students because only those students who want to engage in those issues that cannot be done outside the library will be in at any particular time. The university will also mitigate on the losses that are realized when textbooks are borrowed by the students from the library (Sarki, 2006: p. 12). This move will be highly beneficial to the student’s body and they should be advised to explore this option through social marketing